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****Volkswagen is preparing a new performance-orientated diesel Golf****

The GT TDi, which should go on sale in the before the end of the year. The new car runs a high-tech version of VW’s 2.0-litre four-cylinder pumpe düse turbodiesel engine modified to run piezo injectors (which mix fuel and air more efficiently).

With 168bhp and 258lb ft of torque, the new unit is claimed to push the Golf from zero to 60mph in 7.5sec and on to a top speed of 143mph. Plans to give the GT TDi the same styling package as the GTi, including the distinctive honeycomb grille, have apparently been canned. Instead, the new model should get its own go-faster styling.

VW has also released details of the four-wheel drive Golf 4Motion. Available with either 138bhp 2.0-litre TDI diesel or 148bhp 2.0-litre FSI petrol power. The 4Motion uses the same Haldex four-wheel-drive system system as the last Golf, as will the forthcoming high-performance R32. It normally puts 90 per cent of power through the front wheels, but can put up to 100 per cent to the back wheels.

Diesel Explained

The diesel engine differs not only in the fuel used, but also in the method used to ignite it in the combustion chamber. For comparison, a petrol engine admits the fuel/air mixture into the combustion chamber by opening a valve, allowing the downward movement of the piston in its cylinder to draw the mixture past the valve, then closing it. Now, with the combustion chamber sealed (valves closed), the piston moves upward, compressing the air/fuel mixture in the process. A spark from the spark plug ignites the mixture, driving the piston downward, which turns the crankshaft. Exhaust by-products are expelled past an opened exhaust valve, as the piston (moved by inertia from the combustion process described) approaches the top of its travel on the next cycle. The process is then repeated. The relatively high "volatility"—propensity to burn—of petrol is perfect for this process.

The diesel engine uses a similar valve/piston arrangement, with the same distinct four cycles that we've just described. The difference here is that, when the intake valve opens, only air enters into the combustion chamber. Then, due to a diesel's much smaller combustion chamber design, when the piston reaches the top of its travel, this compression process has super-heated the air. It is at this point that the fuel is injected under very high pressure into the combustion chamber, where it is ignited by the super-heated air, driving the piston downward. The exhaust cycle is the same as in the petrol engine.

Diesel fuel, similar to kerosene or the fuel used in jet airliners—with its much lower volatility, yet high energy potential—is the perfect fuel for this process. Without getting heavily into physics here, it can be said that the horsepower and torque characteristics of these two designs are distinctly different. Horsepower essentially is a way to measure expended energy, while torque is a way to measure twisting force exerted (as on a driveshaft, for instance). Petrol engines produce higher amounts of horsepower per cylinder volume than do diesels. Diesels, on the other hand, generate more torque than petrol engines. Torque, in a diesel engine, can be produced prodigiously at a relatively slow engine speed. Therefore, diesel engine can do a given amount of work using less fuel than a petrol engine.

Typically, the diesel's lack of horsepower has been compensated for somewhat by the use of induction turbochargers, which force-feed air into the cylinders (instead of being drawn in by downward piston movement), making it behave like an engine of larger cylinder volume. All of this has been proven possible along with a high measure of reliability, and low maintenance costs, due in part to the diesel engine's generally beefier construction. That extra beef, while necessary to keep the engine durable due to the higher forces at work, does add weight to a vehicle. The higher internal pressures often mean more noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). And then there are increased exhaust emissions, especially particles. (Most people would refer to this as smoke or soot.) Auto manufacturers have addressed these issues by applying the same technology used to make gasoline-powered vehicles more driveable, powerful, fuel efficient and emissions-friendly. Cars such as the VW Beetle with its 1.9-liter turbo-diesel engine are selling well, and are much friendlier to the environment—besides having more power and exhibiting increased fuel efficiency, compared to diesels of 20 years ago.